War without USA: How Europe and Ukraine can build strategic forces to deter Russia
Long-range missiles, intelligence, unmanned systems and, of course, nuclear weapons. Where to start building a European Defense Force

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Can the EU truly not replace the United States after a halt in arms supplies? What are European Union countries capable of, and how can Ukraine strengthen them? And finally—what might security guarantees for Ukraine actually mean?
Valentyn Badrak, director of the Center for Army, Conversion and Disarmament Studies, explores these questions in a special analysis for LIGA.net. We’re publishing his piece in two parts. The first addressed the preconditions of a new geopolitical order.
This is the second part—focusing on concrete steps Europe can take with Ukraine right now, such as nuclear deterrence of Russia or creating strategic defense forces.
Rearming Europe and helping Ukraine: Where to start?
The first step must be creating conditions where Moscow can’t sustain the war.
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